The ‘Beautiful’ Game, Can We Believe Our Own Eyes?, Gravity – IELTS Reading Answers

Paragraph A: ‘Newton Heath began life as Newton Heath LYR (Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway) dub

Paragraph A: ‘Despite turning professional in 1885…’

Paragraph A: ‘was constantly troubled by financial difficulties’

Paragraph E: ‘It is generally agreed that a combination of factors may initiate this type of anti-social behaviour…’ 

Paragraph E: ‘psychological makeup or belongs to a specific age or class’

Paragraph F: ‘Evidence supports the view that confrontational policing is much more likely to escalate than calm any incidences of trouble’

Paragraph E: ‘Experts do however believe that rampaging hooligan can instil a sense of belonging and ‘community’ in participants who feel that they can strongly identify with their group’ 

‘John Henry Davis…agreed to invest in the team on condition of being given some interest in running it.’

‘During the war, the football league was suspended and only regional competitions took place.’

‘sensationalist media reporting may also be creating undue panic since the problem is often presented as much more widespread than is the reality’

‘After consideration of the alternatives titles of Manchester Central and Manchester Celtic, the club was christened Manchester United’

‘the first ever Charity Shield trophy’

Paragraph B: ‘Physiological illusions occur as a result of excessive stimulation of the eyes and brain which leads to a temporary state of confusion and mixed messages.

Paragraph C:’ Cognitive illusions, on the other hand, is said to arise not as a result of neuron activity as with the aforementioned category’

Therefore it is clear that the physiological illusions must arise from neuron activity, and paragraph B tells us that this is interference.

Paragraph C: ‘due to assumptions we may consciously make based on our knowledge and experience of the world.’

Paragraph E: ‘… direct realism’ that the way the human mind perceives the world is the way the world actually is.՛

Paragraph F: ‘However, cultural backgrounds affect perceptions related to this illusion’

Paragraph G: ‘Paradox illusions encourage the mind to believe that we are seeing something we know to be impossible.’

Paragraph D: ‘In fact, the same individual is often able to see and interpret the image or object in more than one form’

Paragraph C: ‘A fictional illusion is, in reality, a hallucination which arises as a result of drug use’

Paragraph E: ‘It has also been used in epistemology – the study of knowledge – as evidence to disprove the theory upheld by ‘direct realism’՛ (This refers to the Necker Cube, which is an example of an ambiguous illusion).

Paragraph C: “fictional’ ….illusion is unique in that it is only seen by an individual in a given situation and exists in no tangible form. 

Paragraph D: ‘when most people look at the Necker Cube they will interpret the lower left face as being the front of the box, the base of the front face being parallel to the floor՛

Paragraph F: ‘In this illusion, the middle arrow has both arrows ends pointing out, while the line above it has arrow ends pointing in and the third and final line possesses one inward-pointing and one outward pointing arrow end.’ 

Paragraph C: ‘Paradox illusions encourage the mind to believe that we are seeing something we know to be impossible…The Penrose Stairs and the Penrose Triangle …are examples of models created to illustrate this phenomenon.’

Paragraph H: ‘In addition, surrounding points of reference we would generally expect to be perpendicular, such as trees, are in fact on a slope. The interpretation of what observers believe they are experiencing is therefore confused’

Locate the words, “The Mexican government has allocated a substantial sum of money for the provision of the latest equipment…

Paragraph B talks about how Galileo introduced theories which were responsible for paving the way for the formulation of the modern theories of today’ and it contains information about definitions of gravity and gravitation.

Paragraph C refers to the general rule that ‘gravity is directly proportional to mass’ (e.g. the moon and the earth). Hudson Bay is the exception to the gravity rule.

Paragraph E introduces a ‘second conjecture՛ (the Laurentide ice-sheet) contributing to low gravity in Hudson Bay. This makes it an alternative viewpoint to the theory of the effect of molten rock presented in the previous paragraph.

Paragraph F refers to the investigations carried out to prove (substantiate in the heading) the theory (hypothesis in the heading) that the Laurentide ice-sheet has affected gravity levels in Hudson Bay.

Paragraph G talks about both the magma and Laurentide ice-sheet theories

Paragraph H talks about how the Hudson Bay area will eventually recover from the weight of the Laurentide ice-sheet.

Paragraph B: Though the two terms are now used interchangeably in layman use, strictly by scientific definition, there are distinct differences between ‘gravitation’ and ‘gravity’.

Paragraph C: The mass of the Earth itself is not spread out proportionally, being much flatter at the poles than the equator as a result of its rotation; gravity and gravitational pull in different locations throughout the world also vary.’ WE ARE TOLD THAT GRAVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PULL AROUND THE WORLD VARIES, BUT NOT THAT IT IS SIGNIFICANT

Paragraph D: It was first believed – The original theory presented attributed this anomaly to the activity which occurs 100-200 kilometres below the Earth’s surface within the layer known as the ‘mantle’. NO REFERENCE IS MADE TO THE EQUATOR OR THE POLES

Paragraph G: The former (magma activity) has resulted in 55 – 75% of gravity reduction…the latter [Laurentide ice-sheet] accounts for 25-45%’. THEREFORE IT IS CONTRADICTED THAT MOLTEN ROCK HAD LESS OF AN IMPACT THAN THE LAURENITDE ICE-SHEET.

Paragraph F: ‘Extensive investigation has since been carried out by the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics using data collected by satellites during the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) between 2002 and 2006.’

ALTHOUGH THE SECTION IN RED REFERS BACK TO HUDSON BAY, THIS DOES NOT TELL US IT WAS THE MAIN FOCUS OF THE PROJECT.

Paragraph B: ‘…gravitation propels all objects to the ground at the same rate, air resistance resulted in heavier objects appearing to fall more quickly; his theories contradicting earlier belief systems put in place by Aristotle ‘

Paragraph C: ‘In the 1960s, as a result of research into the worldwide gravity fields, it was discovered that inexplicably areas around and including the Hudson Bay area of Canada appeared to possess significantly lower levels of gravity than other parts of the globe’

Paragraph D: ‘ These convection currents can result in the lowering of the continental plates which make up the Earth’s surface՛

Paragraph E: ‘The Laurentide ice-sheet, which covered most of Canada and the northern tip of the USA until it melted 10,000 years ago, is thought to have been 3.2 km thick in most parts.